Internet Surveillance and Monitoring

Source

2.5 Internet Surveillance and Monitoring

Abstract

1. Monitoring your Internet and email activity is a simple task that is practised by businesses and governments all round the world.
2. Cookies record your Internet activity and are stored on your computer and the websites visited.
3. Email can be filtered by searching for specific words and phrases in your message.
4. Internet searches and requested webpages can be filtered by disallowing use of specific key words.
5. Access to certain websites can be blocked from within a country.
6. Access is usually blocked by the website’s IP address or DNS name.

Surveillance and intelligence gathering have moved on – from monitoring phone calls and opening people’s mail – to the Internet. Because of the Internet’s open structure, today’s surveillance can be carried out by governments, businesses, hackers and criminals. It is relatively simple to establish mechanisms that will record and monitor all of your Internet activity. All websites log information about their visitors (IP address and time of visit) as do the majority of email providers. Such surveillance has even become mandatory in many countries. In 2006, the EU passed the legislation requiring the ISPs to store the traffic data of all their subscribers for a maximum period of 2 years,³⁶ although some member states are not adhering to these rules and are storing the information for much longer periods. Let’s have a look at how to monitor and censor your Internet activity on a local, national and global level.

Monitoring Internet browsing
When you wish to eavesdrop on someone else’s phone call, you need to get physical access to the telephone line or a contact at the phone exchange who would provide access to the line used by the conversing parties. Similarly, on the Internet it is possible to either intercept the line that connects you to the Internet or persuade the ISP to do the same. By doing this, all Internet activity originating from your computer can be recorded or even controlled by the surveillance mechanism.
Whilst intercepting a phone or an Internet line may require specific skills and clandestine actions, influencing the ISP is a lot simpler. Many countries have only one ISP and it is usually under the control of their governments. Other countries, like Russia, have introduced laws that require all ISPs to install a computer specifically to monitor Internet activity. In Russia, this information is then fed directly to the Federal Security Service (FSB) databases³⁷.

All countries have access to an Internet gateway. This is like a door that can open or close to control the Internet access to and from the given country. All the Internet traffic will therefore pass through the national gateway, and one can assume that to have control over the country’s gateway means being able to access to all country-related Internet traffic³⁸. China has installed a system to monitor and filter all Internet traffic on its national gateway, known as the ‘great firewall’, and it restricts the Internet access for the entire population of China. Recently, the Chinese built an additional structure into this surveillance system. Known as Golden Shield, it can bring the filtering mechanisms into smaller regional networks, thereby distributing the workload from the national gateway to the local routers.

The above-mentioned tools for monitoring and censoring Internet traffic were not deemed sufficient in all the countries. The US, UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand began to develop a global surveillance system that would encapsulate all major traffic points on the Internet. The events of September 11 in the United States led to huge investments to improve the system known as ECHELON which operates under the supervision of the National Security Agency (NSA). It is not known for how long ECHELON keeps the traffic data. It may seem that on a global level it is difficult to efficiently analyse and categorise all Internet and telephone communication, but the NSA claims a 90% success in doing that.³⁹
Cookies

Records of our Internet activity are further stored on the websites we visit and on our personal computers. Many websites require installation of a cookie on our computer. A cookie is a small amount of data that stores specific user information about us. For instance, it could record our country of residence, so that we are presented with a relevant country page when visiting a particular website. This is often practised by airline websites. Other information could include the links we have followed to arrive at this or that website, or even personal data about us from our own computers. After browsing the internet for a month, you may have hundreds of different cookies on your computer. Accessing them can reveal information about your interests and affiliations. A cookie on your computer can act as a proof of your visiting a particular website. The largest Internet advertising service, DoubleClick, has agreements with thousands of websites and maintains cookies on over 100 million users, each linking to hundreds of details of the user’s browsing habits.⁴⁰
It is possible to delete cookies from your computer. This can be done from your Internet browser or by finding and deleting them manually. It is also possible to tell your browser not to accept cookies at all. This may result in many websites refusing to open on your computer, but will provide you with maximum protection from cookie infiltration.

Monitoring Email
Email communication uses the same principles as general Internet browsing, except that each message of ours has a destination: another person who also connects to the Internet through his or her country’s local provider.
Following this scheme, our email message can be intercepted at all major routing points on its way. If you live in a country with strong legal protection of privacy, its legislation won’t apply when your email reaches the ISP of the recipient in a country with different privacy laws. Bear in mind that whilst your email is on its way from country A to country B, it could pass the routers of several other countries on its way.
Many ISPs and email providers keep a copy of all emails on their servers. Sometimes this is to our benefit, as we may want to access an email that was sent to us 3 years ago. However, it also allows an outside party to request/demand access to our email accounts. Yahoo! handed over to the Chinese government its user information on four Chinese dissidents resulting in their arrest and conviction.⁴¹
Spoofing
It is relatively easy to ‘spoof’ an email address. Spoofing means that you fake the name and email address of the sender that can appear as a random address or the one of someone you know. For example, someone can use your email address and name to send a controversial article to a newspaper. The newspaper does not bother to verify whether it was actually you who had sent the article and simply publishes it. The outcome could be embarrassment, damaged reputation and even litigation. Email can also be intercepted and its contents altered while it is en route to its destination. It is almost impossible to tell a real email from a spoofed one, as all its identifying features can be faked. Digital signatures are the only way to make sure the message is not tampered with or faked⁴².
Internet & Email Filtering
Apart from monitoring our Internet activity and emails, government and intelligence bodies have the ability to scan the contents of our messages and to prevent us from accessing certain websites. At this point, surveillance becomes censorship in breach of Articles 12 & 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights⁴³.
All information on the Internet, unless otherwise specified, travels in an open manner. When you send an email, the data in it goes to its destination unsecured. To compare this transmission to a telephone conversation, if you were you to pick up the phone at the ISP, you would hear the message content read out to you by all ISPs users currently sending emails and/or browsing webpages! Therefore all your email as well as exchanges from Internet forums or blogs can be easily intercepted and read. Internet filtering scans the contents of every web page, blog of forum that you visit. We have seen already how easy it is to collect all our email and Internet traffic, and one can only imagine the amount of information freely submitted to the surveillance agencies simply by not making our communications secure.
Certain countries are particularly sensitive to the information communicated by human rights organisations. Modern technology means that it is no longer necessary to sit in a dark room reading all email messages in or out of the country in search of undesirable or damaging information. This task is now performed by computers and is known as filtering.
Monitoring Email
A program to scan the content of all email messages is installed at the ISP or a national gateway. It is instructed to look for the keywords ‘human rights’ or ‘freedom of expression’. In reality, it could be programmed to search for thousands of specific words and phrases. Whenever an email containing the listed keyword is found, it is either blocked and not allowed to pass further on, or recorded for further investigation of the sender’s and recipient’s identity. Filtering can occur at any point of the message’s routing on the Internet.
The ECHELON system uses the above filtering technology. Here’s a list of some words that would trigger a response should they be found in your email by ECHELON.
Rewson, SAFE, Waihopai, INFOSEC, ASPIC, MI6, Information Security, SAI, Information Warfare, IW, IS, Privacy, Information Terrorism, Terrorism Defensive Information, Defense Information Warfare, Offensive Information, Offensive Information Warfare, The Artful Dodger, NAIA, SAPM, ASU, ASTS, National Information Infrastructure, InfoSec, SAO, Reno, Compsec, JICS, Computer Terrorism, Firewalls, Secure Internet Connections, RSP, ISS, JDF, Ermes, Passwords, NAAP, DefCon V, RSO, Hackers, Encryption, ASWS, CUN, CISU, CUSI, M.A.R.E., MARE, UFO, IFO, Pacini, Angela, Espionage, USDOJ, NSA, CIA, S/Key, SSL, FBI, Secert Service⁴⁴
Internet Filtering
The same methodology is applied to Internet browsing. When you enter a search query into Google, it is passed through the ISP and a country gateway, before you get a reply. A filtering system could intercept your search for ‘human rights’ and return a null or wrong result. Below are images of a search result from 2004 on ‘falundafa’ (a banned spiritual movement in China) performed on Google.com from China.

It appears as if there is no information on this topic in Google, but the error message actually comes from the filtering software, not Google itself ⁴⁵.
Internet filtering can also scan the content of websites you wish to access, and block your request, should the website contain any words the filter is programmed to look out for.
Internet Censorship
Numerous countries have banned access to certain websites for their citizens. These websites present information on religious extremism, terrorism, paedophilia. Some countries also block websites that criticise or expose government policy, discuss issues of human rights or provide tools that could enable one to bypass these censorship blocks. Here is the result of a request from Saudi Arabia to access a banned website.

A screenshot of a blocked website from inside Saudi Arabia
Governments tend to decide for themselves what content they wish to censor. The majority of governments that perform filtering use US and Israeli technology. Some of the more infamous products are SmartFilter and WebSense. These are bought (or pirated) by states who then set up the filtering based on the software’s criteria, with additional modifications. Websites can be blocked and Internet searches restricted with the help of the three following methods:
Blocking by DNS
This block on the filter ensures that all requests to www.bbc.co.uk will not be allowed to pass. The block is applied to the domain name of the website. Should the website be re-registered or mirrored under a different domain name, it will become accessible again.
Blocking by IP
This method blocks the website’s IP number from access. This is a much more effective block as a new DNS name for the website could still point to the same IP. However, a problem arises when blocking websites by IP. Sometimes these websites sit on large web servers that host several thousands of different websites. These web servers only have one IP. Blocking a website’s IP address effectively blocks all other websites sitting on the same webserver.46Blocking by keywords Any email or search query that contains words banned by the filter is not allowed to pass through. The same applies to any website that contains banned words.
These rules can be applied separately or together to create filtering and blocking capacity. Some countries rely on the pre-defined categories of the filtering software and add new websites to its configuration, whilst others employ huge teams of people to scan the Internet and catalogue what should appear in the filter. The Internet’s open structure is being limited and reduced to allow only approved content to appear for the nationals of many countries. For an in-depth study into country-specific filtering methods and technology, go to the OpenNet Initiative – Country Studies website.47
DNS hijacking
This is a recent Internet practice that has been used in presidential campaigns (2004 US elections) as well as by countries that filter the Internet. When you enter an address of a website you wish to visit, you are automatically re-directed to another website. Some users may not even notice the difference.
On September 8th 2002, users in China were prevented from going to Google’s web search page. Instead, they were re-directed to a number of China-based pages. The address in the URL said www.google.com48

A screenshot of the Chinese Internet hijacking the www.google.com DNS
36
Directive 2006/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006
37
Privacy International – Privacy and Human Rights Report 2004 – The Threats to Privacy
38
In many countries satellite connections provide an alternative to using local ISPs. This makes surveillance a lot more difficult for the national government to implement.
39
Echelon Watch http://www.nsawatch.org
40
Privacy International – Privacy and Human Rights Report 2004 – The Threats to Privacy
41
Human Rights Watch - “Race to the Bottom” Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship, August 2006
42
see ‘Cryptology’ chapter and also ‘Identity Theft and Profiling’ chapter for an explanation of digital signatures and how to secure your digital identity
43
Article 12 – No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 19 – Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
44
http://attrition.org/misc/keywords2.html – these tests were done by including words in email and recording the time difference in the hops taken to the destination.
45
This method of blocking has recently changed. Now, Google will display its own message stating that the search query you entered is not allowed by the local authorities.
46
“..more than 87% of active domain names share their IP addresses with one or more additional domains, while more than two thirds of domain names share their IPs with fifty or more domains..” /Ben Edelman, Web Sites Sharing IP Addresses: Prevalence and Significance, February 2003 http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/edelman/ip-sharing/
47
http://http://www.opennet.net/
48
Empirical Analysis of Internet Filtering in China, Berkman Center for Internet & Society, Jonathan Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman, 2002
It is possible to delete cookies from your computer. This can be done from your Internet browser or by finding and deleting them manually. It is also possible to tell your browser not to accept cookies at all. This may result in many websites refusing to open on your computer, but will provide you with maximum protection from cookie infiltration.

Freedom Not Fear 2009

Source

A broad movement of civil rights defenders is calling upon everyone to participate in actions directed against the ongoing spread of excessive surveillance measures on the part of businesses, administrations and governments. On Saturday, 12th September 2009, concerned citizens in numerous countries around the world will gather to show protest under the motto “Freedom not Fear 2009 – Stop Surveillance Mania!”

Links:

• Appeal (English)
• Appeal (German)
• Freedom Not Fear 2009 home page

Join in, defend your rights!
This is most important in countries where repression by censorship and surveillance is only beginning -- these things must be nipped in the bud!

Digital Security and Privacy for Human Rights Defenders

Source: FrontLine Human Rights Defenders
1.1 Security and Insecurity

Computers and the Internet are all about information seeking, storage and exchange. Hence, the topic of security in the digital realm relates to the security of information. We need to operate in a climate where our information is not stolen, damaged, compromised or restricted. The Internet, in theory, provides everyone with an equal opportunity to access and disseminate information. Yet, as many incidents have shown, this is not always the case. Governments and corporations realise the importance and value of controlling information flows, and of being able to decide when to restrict them. The security of information is further complicated by malicious individuals creating computer viruses and hacking into computer systems, often with no other motive than causing damage.
Confusion is enhanced by the abundance of software, hardware andelectronic devices designed to make the storage and exchange of information easier. An average computer today contains millions of lines of complex code and hundreds of components which could malfunction and damage the system at any time. Users have to immerse themselves in concepts and technology that seem to be far removed from the real world. The security of your computer falls first and foremost upon your shoulders and requires some comprehension of how its systems actually work.The race to reap profits from the Internet has resulted in the appearance of numerous financial services and agencies. You can now book a flight, buy a book, transfer money, play poker, do shopping and advertise on the Internet. We have increased our capacity for getting more things done more quickly, yet we have also created a myriad of new information flows, and with them – new concepts of insecurity we do not yet know how to deal with. Marketing companies are building profiles of users on the Internet hoping to turn your browsing experience into a constant shopping trip. Personal information, collected by governments and social agencies, is then sold to data mining companies, whose aim is to accumulate as much detail as possible about your private life and habits. This information is then used in surveys, product development or national security updates. Our email accounts are cluttered with useless and unsolicited messages, causing a huge disruption to our work, the Internet connectivity and computer reliance.It appears that chaos has come to rule our digital world. Nothing is certain and everything is possible. Most of us just want to get on with writing our document or sending an email, without considering the outcomes of insecurity. Unfortunately, this is not possible in the digital environment. To be a confident player in this new age of information highways and emerging technologies, you need to be fully aware of your potential and your weaknesses. You must have the knowledge and skills to survive and develop.
Methods and trends of surveillance, censorship and electronic attack

ECHELON intercept station at Menwith Hill, England.
Source: www.greaterthings.com

The right to privacy is a contentious issue in the modern world.
Does anyone have the right to access our private information? In the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks in the USA, most governments seem to think they should have full control of our communications and the ability to monitor and access our computers. Many countries have implemented legislation and introduced the technology that increased their power of surveillance to previously unseen levels. The ECHELON project, for instance, is a global surveillance system, able to record and process telephone, Internet and satellite communications.I
n May 2001, the European Parliament’s Temporary Committee on the Echelon Interception System (established in July 2000) issued a report concluding that “the existence of a global system for intercepting communications . . . is no longer in doubt.” According to the committee, the Echelon system (reportedly run by the United States in cooperation with Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) was set up at the beginning of the Cold War for intelligence gathering and has developed into a network of intercept stations around the world. Its primary purpose, according to the report, is to intercept private and commercial communications, not military intelligence.¹
The right to freedom of expression and information has also been attacked and suppressed on the Internet. The ability to access information from any Internet connection point on Earth, regardless of where this information is stored, has resulted in many governments –not ready or willing to provide this type of freedom to their citizens– scrambling to restrict such free access. Huge resources have been poured into developing country-specific filtering systems to block the Internet information, deemed inappropriate or damaging to the local country’s laws and ‘national morale’.
In China, a system known as the “Great Firewall” routes all international connections through proxy servers at official gateways, where the Ministry for Public Security (MPS) officials identify individual users and content, define rights, and carefully monitor network traffic into and out of the country. At a 2001 security industry conference, the government of China announced an ambitious successor project known as “Golden Shield.” Rather than relying solely on a national Intranet, separated from the global Internet by a massive firewall, China will now build surveillance intelligence into the network, allowing it to “see,” “hear” and “think.” Content-filtration will shift from the national level to millions of digital information and communications devices in public places and people’s homes. The technology behind Golden Shield is incredibly complex and is based on research undertaken largely by Western technology firms, including Nortel Networks, Sun Microsystems, Cisco and others.²
These filters undermine our ability to take advantage of the Internet and to cross geographical boundaries in our quest for learning and communication. They are also in breach of several articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) guaranteeing every person rights to privacy and free expression. Significantly, these systems were developed only after the growth and potential of the Internet as the global information exchange was noticed. They were not part of the original idea behind the development of the Internet.

Surveillance and monitoring techniques have passed from the hands of intelligence personnel to the hardware and software systems, operated by private companies and government agencies. Phone bugging and letter opening has been superseded by the technology that allows monitoring of everyone and everything at once. The popularity of the Internet and its integration into our daily life has made that possible. Previously, someone considered dangerous to national security was spied upon. Now, we are all under suspicion as a result of the surveillance and filtering systems our governments install on the Internet. The technology does not often differentiate between users as it waits for certain keywords to appear in our email and Internet searches, and when triggered, alerts surveillance teams or blocks our communications. In 1998, the Russian government passed a law stating that all Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must install a computer black box with a link back to the Russian Federal Security Services (FSB) to record all the Internet activity of their users.
I have witnessed such Internet-based filtering repeatedly. In the days following the attacks on the New York Trade Centre, while working for a global computer company, I had an urge to explore the obscure world of religious fundamentalism. After browsing through certain extremists websites, I was approached by two of the company’s security guards who asked me why I was looking for that particular information. At first, I was dumbfounded – how did they find out? Then I asked the guards who gave them the right to question me. The next day, a company memo banned all staff from visiting websites that contradicted “the organisation’s ethics and policy’”.
The debate about controlling the Internet and information flows for the purposes of countering terrorism is outside the boundaries of this manual. It has to be said, however, that such practices have reduced freedom of expression, association and privacy all over the world, in direct contravention of the UDHR. Governments have installed systems to monitor their citizens on the scale far beyond the measures to fight terrorism. Information on human rights, freedoms of the media, religion, sexual orientation, thought and political movements, to name just a few, has been made inaccessible to many.

...“The Uzbekistan government has reportedly ordered the country’s internet service providers (ISPs) to block the website www.neweurasia.net, which hosts a network of weblogs covering Central Asia and the Caucasus. The government’s decision to block all national access to www.neweurasia.net is believed to be the first censoring of a weblog in Central Asia...”³

... “The Socialist Republic of Vietnam regulates access to the Internet by its citizens extensively, through both technical and legal means. According to the study by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), the Vietnamese state attempts to stop citizens from accessing political and religious material deemed to be subversive along various axes. The technical sophistication, breadth, and effectiveness of Vietnam’s filtering are increasing with time, and are augmented by an ever-expanding set of legal regulations and prohibitions that govern on-line activity. Vietnam purports to prevent access to the Internet sites primarily to safeguard against obscene or sexually explicit content. However, the state’s actual motives are far more pragmatic:
while it does not block any of the pornographic, it filters a significant fraction - in some cases, the great majority - of sites with politically or religiously sensitive material that could undermine
Vietnam’s one-party system...”⁴

Encryption has become one of the last resorts of privacy on the Internet. It enables us to make our messages and communications unreadable to all but the intended party. A layer of encryption was even built into the Internet structure to allow for secure financial transactions (SSL). When this system began to be applied for securing other, non-financial, information, it was met with strong opposition inmany countries. At first, the US government tried to ban all SSL encryption of the complexity higher than they could decrypt. In 2000, Britain, in her turn, introduced the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIP) which made no provisions for one’s right to encrypt information, but stated that a user must surrender his passwords when asked to do so by the investigative forces or face 6-month imprisonment. In 1998, the government of Singapore passed the Computer Misuse Act that allowed the country’s security services to intercept email messages, decrypt encoded messages and confiscate computers without a warrant in the course of investigations⁵.
Some countries, like Turkmenistan have banned encryption altogether. A world-wide monitoring system, like ECHELON (or any other), will probably collect all encrypted emails for further inspection, simply because they were encrypted in the first place. Any attempt at privacy will therefore be seen as an intention to hide something.
Specific threats faced by human rights defenders Human rights defenders often become targets of surveillance and censorship in their own country. Their right to freedom of expression is often monitored, censored and repressed. Often they are facing heavy penalties for continuing their work. The digital world has been both a blessing and a curse for them. On the one hand, the speed of communications has brought them closer to their colleagues from around the world, and the news of human rights violations spreads around within minutes. People are being mobilised via the Internet, and many social campaigns have moved online. The negative aspect of the widespread use of computers and the Internet lies in over reliance on complex technology and the increased threat from targeted electronic surveillance and attacks. At the same time, the defenders in poorer countries who do not have computers and/or access to the Internet have found themselves left out of global focus and reach – another example of the imbalance caused by the digital divide. Over the years, HRDs have learnt to operate in their ownenvironment and have developed mechanisms for their own protection and prevention of attacks. They know their countries’ legal systems, have networks of friends and take decisions based on everyday wisdom.
Computers and Internet, however, constitute a whole new world to discover and understand. It is their lack of interest or capacity to learn about electronic security that has lead to numerous arrests,
attacks and misunderstandings in the HR community. Electronic security and digital privacy should become not just an important area for comprehension and participation, but also a new battleground in the struggle for the worldwide adherence to the principles of the UDHR.
Emails do not arrive at their destination, Internet connection is intermittent, computers are confiscated and viruses damage years of work. These problems are commonplace and familiar. Another common phenomenon is the increasing attention of those in power to online publishing. The authorities are actively searching through Internet news sites, blogs and forums – with swift retribution in cases when “undesired” material originating from a HRD is discovered. Take the case of Mohamed Abbou, who is serving a 3,5 year prison term in Tunisia for publishing online an article that compared Tunisian prisons to Abu Ghraib6. In China, 48 journalists are in prison because of their Internet-related activities⁷.
Human rights defenders need to secure their work by learning about the technology and concepts of the computer and Internet operations. This will make them more effective in protecting themselves and in promoting the rights of those they try to defend.

1 European Parliament, Temporary Committee on the Echelon
Interception System (2001) Report on the Existence of a Global System
for the Interception of Private and Commercial Communications (ECHELON
interception system), May 18, 2001. (2001/2098(INI)) (adopted July 11,
2001) Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/prechelon_en.pdf
2 Privacy International – Privacy and Human Rights Report 2004 – The Threats to Privacy
3 http://www.newseurasia.net July 6th, 2006
4 Internet Filtering in Vietnam in 2005-2006: A Country Study
http://www.opennet.net/studies/vietnam
5 Reporters sans frontières – Annual Report 2006, Internet
6 Front Line http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/news/2081
7 Reporters sans frontières – Annual Report 2006, Internet

la censura en internet

Source
http://www.zensur.freerk.com/index-es.htm

Tor - sistema anónimo de comunicación por Internet.
http://tor.eff.org

Torpark - navegador seguro construido en base al Firefox Deer Park, utilizando la red Tor.
http://www.torrify.com

Scatterchat - Cliente (programa de software) de mensajería instantánea segura.
http://www.scatterchat.com

PGP/GPG - Software de cifrado.
http://www.pgpi.org
http://www.gnupg.org

Thunderbird+GPP - Cliente (programa de software) de correo electrónico construido con cifrado GPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
http://www.portableapps.com

Ultrasurf - Navegación segura en Internet.
http://www.ultrareach.com

Freegate - Acceso cifrado a Internet.
http://www.download.com/3000-20-10415391.html

Peacefire - Herramienta de elusión de la censura.
http://www.peacefire.org/

http://anonymouse.org/

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freenet
http://freenetproject.org/

http://sourceforge.net/projects/anonym-os/
http://kaos.to/cms/projects/re.....ivecd.html
http://www.openbsd.org/es/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonym.OS