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"How do you power off this machine?"
-- Linus Torvalds

... has once been quoted as saying this, when upgrading the site "linux.cs.helsinki.fi", and after using the machine for several months.

SMB & Common Internet File System

Server Message Block o SMB es un Protocolo de red (que pertenece a la capa de aplicación en el modelo OSI) que permite compartir archivos e impresoras (entre otras cosas) entre nodos de una red. Es utilizado principalmente en ordenadores con Microsoft Windows y DOS.

SMB fue originalmente inventado por IBM, pero la versión más común hoy en día es la modificada ampliamente por Microsoft. Microsoft renombró SMB a Common Internet File System (CIFS) en 1998 y añadió más características, que incluyen soporte para enlaces simbólicos, enlaces duros (hard links), y mayores tamaños de archivo.

Hay características en la implementación de SMB de Microsoft que no son parte del protocolo SMB original.

También existe Samba, que es una implementación libre del protocolo SMB con las extensiones de Microsoft. Funciona sobre sistemas operativos GNU/Linux y en otros UNIX.

Online backup services

Sources

7 Web services that let you back up files and restore them from anywhere

by Glenn Fleishman, Macworld.com

Backups work best when you have multiple copies, at least one of which is both current and offsite. OS X’s Time Machine feature plus high-capacity, low-cost hard drives make it possible to back up regularly and to rotate drives through backup sets and store a full backup somewhere away from the data that’s on it.

But what about when the worst happens? When fire strikes, a lightning bolt fries your computers and backup drives, or a burglar runs away with the goods? A drive stored offsite helps—but the files stored on it are out of date the second it’s unplugged and lugged away. An online backup service can be the perfect addition to your backup plan.

With large amounts of storage and faster Internet connections, backing up your files online has become more viable. These hosted backup providers can also add depth to your archives, since most of them store data in such a way that you can retrieve several—or even several hundred—previous versions of a modified file.

Here’s a look at seven services with OS X software to manage automated backups.

How we tested

Testing a slew of online backup services isn’t for the fainthearted. Using a Comcast Internet connection that’s described as 15 Mbps downstream and 2 Mbps upstream, but frequently provides far higher rates, we installed each of the software packages and selected at least 10GB of files to back up, up to 100GB in some cases. We used the services for a few weeks (in the case of Mozy and CrashPlan, I had been using the services for years and months, respectively, and examined large current backup sets as well as performing additional tests) and tested restoring backed up files as well.

How they work

All the hosted backup services we looked at use OS X software to synchronize data on one or more of your computers with their hard drives and services elsewhere on the Internet. All support OS X 10.4 and later (including Snow Leopard, although come companies have noted minor compatibility issues), as well as Windows and, in some cases, Linux.

Your initial backup requires you to upload every byte of data. Only one service, CrashPlan Central, lets you jumpstart that process by loading a drive it sends you with up to 1 TB of data ($125 for ground or $145 for 2-day shipping, prepaid both ways).

The services store your data on massive server farms that might have hundreds or thousands of terabytes of storage. Companies provide few details on their Web sites about where and how they store data. Jungle Disk is unique in relying on cloud-based metered storage, with a choice between parent company Rackspace and Amazon’s Simple Storage Service (S3).

Jungle Disk.

After the initial backup, the services are clever about sending changes. Rather than uploading a 10 MB file again—or even a 10KB one—the software on your computer breaks a file into pieces, and then creates a mathematical summary of each piece. That summary is compared to what’s stored on the server, and only changed or new pieces are transferred.

That process also allows an older version of a file to be reconstructed, using a base file with any intermediate changes patched on top to reach the version you want. These piecemeal updates are also typically compressed to make the upload even faster.

Deleted files may be deleted immediately from the backup set, or retained as part of stored older versions forever or for a certain number of days. Most software lets you choose how this is handled.

Every service has its own limitations regarding how it finds, packages, encrypts, compresses, uploads, and receives changed files, which can reduce bandwidth below your maximum upstream rate. In testing with each services on a cable Internet connection that regularly tops 5 Mbps upstream, each service was able to store several gigabytes overnight.

First backup strategy

Even if you have a 10 to 20 Mbps upstream connection, if your entire backup set is in the tens to hundreds of gigabytes you need to start with a strategy. Because none of the hosted services let you create multiple selection sets backed up to the same data set, you may want to follow this method.

First, create a set of critical data under a few gigabytes. Wait until that set is backed up. Next, add additional gigabytes of selections iteratively, sweeping a larger and larger net, only adding additional selections after the initial backup is complete. During that time, incremental backups will keep your critical files up to date, too.

Finally, include all the files you want. By staging backups (and making a local full archive or clone), you can be sure that you aren’t still backing up initial files weeks in and lose some important changes.

Pros and cons of online backup

On the plus side, online backups provide offsite storage without the fuss of rotating drives; can be set to constantly update even minor changes; enforces having at least one additional copy of files; and provides peace of mind for a regional natural disaster, which could damage on- and offsite computers and drives.

On the negative side, online backups suffer from moderate to long delays in restores; without personal encryption password, the compromise of company or a government subpoena could reveal private data; are far more expensive over the course of a year than local backups; and a company’s sudden demise could render your current and archival backups permanently unreachable.

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Information Security

Information Security Components: or qualities, i.e., Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA). Information Systems are decomposed in three main portions, hardware, software and communications with the purpose to identify and apply information security industry standards, as mechanisms of protection and prevention, at three levels or layers: Physical, personal and organizational. Essentially, procedures or policies are implemented to tell people (administrators, users and operators)how to use products to ensure information security within the organizations.

Information security means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.^[1]

The terms information security, computer security and information assurance are frequently incorrectly used interchangeably. These fields are interrelated often and share the common goals of protecting the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information; however, there are some subtle differences between them.

These differences lie primarily in the approach to the subject, the methodologies used, and the areas of concentration. Information security is concerned with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data regardless of the form the data may take: electronic, print, or other forms.

Computer security can focus on ensuring the availability and correct operation of a computer system without concern for the information stored or processed by the computer.

Governments, military, corporations, financial institutions, hospitals, and private businesses amass a great deal of confidential information about their employees, customers, products, research, and financial status. Most of this information is now collected, processed and stored on electronic computers and transmitted across networks to other computers.

Should confidential information about a business' customers or finances or new product line fall into the hands of a competitor, such a breach of security could lead to lost business, law suits or even bankruptcy of the business. Protecting confidential information is a business requirement, and in many cases also an ethical and legal requirement.

For the individual, information security has a significant effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently in different cultures.

The field of information security has grown and evolved significantly in recent years. As a career choice there are many ways of gaining entry into the field. It offers many areas for specialization including: securing network(s) and allied infrastructure, securing applications and databases, security testing, information systems auditing, business continuity planning and digital forensics science, to name a few.

This article presents a general overview of information security and its core concept.

Contents

1 History 2 Basic principles 2.1 Key concepts 2.1.1 Confidentiality 2.1.2 Integrity 2.1.3 Availability 2.2 Authenticity 2.3 Non-repudiation 2.4 Risk management 2.5 Controls 2.5.1 Administrative 2.5.2 Logical 2.5.3 Physical 2.6 Security classification for information 2.7 Access control 2.8 Cryptography 2.9 Defense in depth 3 Process 3.1 Security governance 3.2 Incident response plans 3.3 Change management 4 Business continuity 4.1 Disaster recovery planning 5 Laws and regulations 6 Sources of standards 7 Professionalism 8 Conclusion 9 See also 10 Scholars working in the field 11 Further reading 12 Notes and references 12.1 External links 12.2 Bibliography

Security as a service

Security as a service refers to the practice of delivering traditional security applications as an Internet-based service, on-demand, to consumers and businesses.
It is an example of the everything as a service trend and shares many of the common characteristics, whereby security applications are delivered as a service using the Internet as the delivery mechanism. 

In the consumer market, the most common of these are the “anti-“ suite, including anti-virus, anti-spam and anti-spyware.

In the enterprise market, Security as a Service refers to the delivery of second-tier infrastructure components, such as log management and asset tracking, in a service-oriented fashion, also leveraging the Internet as the delivery and access mechanism.

Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Key characteristics
  • 2.1 Managed security services
• 3 References
• 4 See also

De-perimeterisation

This is a term used in the areas of information security, IT security, network security and computer security.

De-perimeterisation is a concept/strategy used to describe protecting an organisation's systems and data on multiple levels by using a mixture of encryption, inherently-secure computer protocols, inherently-secure computer systems and data-level authentication rather than the reliance of an organisation on its (network) boundary to the Internet.

Successful implementation of a de-perimeterised strategy within an organisation thus implies that the perimeter, or outer security boundary, could be removed.

Content

• 1 Origin of the term
• 2 Potential benefits for de-perimeterisation
• 3 Variations on the term
• 4 Spelling Variations
• 5 References
• 6 External links

Variations of the term have been used to describe aspects of de-perimeterisation such as;

• "You’ve already been de-perimeterised" to describe the Internet worms and viruses which are designed to by-pass the border using web and e-mail [5].
• "re-perimeterisation" to describe the interim step of moving perimeters to protection groups of computer servers or a data centre – rather than the perimeter.
• "Macro-Perimeterisation" the act of moving the security perimeter into "the cloud", see Security As A Service, examples of such security services in the cloud are exemplified by email cleaning services or proxy filtering services provided by towers in the internet.
• "micro-perimeterisation" moving the security perimeter to surround the data itself, interim steps might include moving the primeter around individual computer systems or an individual application (consisting of a cluster of computers)