WIMAX

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX

WiMAX, siglas de Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (interoperabilidad mundial para acceso por microondas), es unanorma de transmisión de datos que utiliza las ondas de radio en las frecuencias de 2,3 a 3,5 GHz y puede tener una cobertura de hasta 60 km. ¹

Es una tecnología dentro de las conocidas como tecnologías de última milla, también conocidas como bucle local que permite la recepción de datos por microondas y retransmisión por ondas de radio. El estándar que define esta tecnología es el IEEE 802.16. Una de sus ventajas es dar servicios de banda ancha en zonas donde el despliegue de cable o fibra por la baja densidad de población presenta unos costos por usuario muy elevados (zonas rurales).

El único organismo habilitado para certificar el cumplimiento del estándar y la interoperabilidad entre equipamiento de distintos fabricantes es el Wimax Forum: todo equipamiento que no cuente con esta certificación, no puede garantizar su interoperabilidad con otros productos.

Existe otro tipo de equipamiento (no estándar) que utiliza frecuencia libre de licencia de 5,4 GHz, todos ellos para acceso fijo. Si bien en este caso se trata de equipamiento que en algunos casos también es interoperativo, entre distintos fabricantes (Pre Wimax, incluso 802.11a).

Existen planes para desarrollar perfiles de certificación y de interoperabilidad para equipos que cumplan el estándar IEEE 802.16e (lo que posibilitará movilidad), así como una solución completa para la estructura de red que integre tanto el acceso fijo como el móvil. Se prevé el desarrollo de perfiles para entorno móvil en las frecuencias con licencia en 2,3 y 2,5 GHz.

Actualmente se recogen dentro del estándar 802.16. Existen dos variantes:

• Uno de acceso fijo (802.16d), en el que se establece un enlace radio entre la estación base y un equipo de usuario situado en el domicilio del usuario. Para el entorno fijo, las velocidades teóricas máximas que se pueden obtener son de 70 Mbit/s con un ancho de banda de 20 MHz. Sin embargo, en entornos reales se han conseguido velocidades de 20 Mbit/s con radios de célula de hasta 6 km, ancho de banda que es compartido por todos los usuarios de la célula.

• Otro de movilidad completa (802.16e), que permite el desplazamiento del usuario de un modo similar al que se puede dar enGSM/UMTS, el móvil, aun no se encuentra desarrollado y actualmente compite con las tecnologías LTE (basadas en femtocélulas, conectadas mediante cable), por ser la alternativa para las operadoras de telecomunicaciones que apuestan por los servicios en movilidad, este estándar, en su variante «no licenciado», compite con el WiFi IEEE 802.11n, ya que la mayoría de los portátiles y dispositivos móviles, empiezan a estar dotados de este tipo de conectividad (principalmente de la firma Intel).

Índice   [ocultar]  1 Terminología 2 Usos 3 Conexiones 3.1 Gateways 3.2 Otros dispositivos 4 Despliegues 4.1 Colombia 4.2 España 4.3 Nicaragua 5 Características de WIMAX 6 Asociaciones 7 Evolución de WiMAX 8 Véase también 9 Referencias 10 Enlaces externos 11 Empresas del sector

[editar]Terminología

WiMAX se refiere a las implementaciones interoperables de la familia inalámbrica IEEE 802.16 ratificadas por el Foro WiMAX (del mismo modo que Wi-Fi, se refiere a las implementaciones interoperables de los estándares inalámbricos LAN IEEE 802.11certificados por la Wi-Fi Alliance). La homologación de WiMAX Forum permite a los vendedores ofrecer productos fijos o móviles como WiMAX certificados, lo que garantiza un nivel de interoperabilidad con otros productos certificados, siempre y cuando se ajusten al mismo perfil.

El estándar original IEEE 802.16 (ahora llamado «Fixed WiMAX») fue publicado en 2001. WiMAX adoptado algunas de las tecnologías de WiBro, un servicio comercializado en Corea.

Mobile WiMAX (originalmente basada en 802.16e-2005) es la revisión que se ha implementado en muchos países, y la base de futuras revisiones, como 802.16m-2011.

El WiMAX se puede utilizar para una serie de aplicaciones, incluyendo conexiones de banda ancha para Internet, backhaul de telefonía móvil, puntos de acceso, etc. Es similar a Wi-Fi, pero puede funcionar para distancias mucho mayores.

============================

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wirelesscommunications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates,^[1]with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL".^[2]

Contents   [hide]  1 Terminology 2 Uses 2.1 Internet access 2.2 Middle-mile backhaul to fibre networks 2.3 Triple-play 2.4 Deployment 3 Connecting 3.1 Gateways 3.2 External modems 3.3 Mobile phones 4 Technical information 4.1 The IEEE 802.16 Standard 4.2 Physical layer 4.3 MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL, MAC (data link) layer 4.4 Deployment 4.5 Integration with an IP-based network 4.6 Spectrum allocation 4.7 Spectral efficiency 4.8 Inherent limitations 4.9 Silicon implementations 4.10 Comparison 5 Conformance testing 6 Associations 6.1 WiMAX Forum 6.2 WiMAX Spectrum Owners Alliance 6.3 Telecommunications Industry Association 7 Competing technologies 7.1 Harmonization 7.2 Comparison with other mobile Internet standards 8 Development 9 Interference 10 Deployments 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

[edit]Terminology

WiMAX refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.16 family of wireless-networks standards ratified by the WiMAX Forum. (Similarly, Wi-Fi, refers to interoperable implementations of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN standards certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance.) WiMAX Forum certification allows vendors to sell fixed or mobile products as WiMAX certified, thus ensuring a level of interoperability with other certified products, as long as they fit the same profile.

The original IEEE 802.16 standard (now called "Fixed WiMAX") was published in 2001. WiMAX adopted some of its technology fromWiBro, a service marketed in Korea.^[3]

Mobile WiMAX (originally based on 802.16e-2005) is the revision that was deployed in many countries, and basis of future revisions such as 802.16m-2011.

WiMAX is sometimes referred to as "Wi-Fi on steroids"^[4] and can be used for a number of applications including broadband connections, cellular backhaul, hotspots, etc. It is similar to Wi-Fi, but it can enable usage at much greater distances.^[5]

[edit]Uses

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

• Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play).
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
• Smart grids and metering

[edit]Internet access

WiMAX can provide at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries. In many cases this has resulted in competition in markets which typically only had access through an existing incumbent DSL (or similar) operator.

Additionally, given the relatively low costs associated with the deployment of a WiMAX network (in comparison with 3G, HSDPA,xDSL, HFC or FTTx), it is now economically viable to provide last-mile broadband Internet access in remote locations.

Siemens GigaSet SX682 WiMAX

http://shc-download.siemens.com/repo...panish_NET.pdf

para tener acceso al CPE, configura asi la tarjeta de red del PC
ip: 192.168.n.2
mascara de sub red: 255.255.255.0
puerta de enlace : 195.168.n.1

http://www.laneros.com/showthread.php?t=76320

 (eso se llama "IP aggregation"... era un hack muy común en los cablemodems hace 7-8 años...*
Sinceramente si esto funciona con orbitel...y los genios de esa telefónica no tienen ningún script que lo detecte... pues bien...)

La velocidad de subida estaba restringida por que los de orbitel creían que no era muy necesario, pues los canales de internet siempre son asimétricos (más ancho de banda de bajada que de subida). Sin embargo esto "quedó" solucionado a partir del 15 de septiembre en donde abrieron un poco el ancho de banda de subida (uplink)
Pueden averiguar las velocidades en http://www.abeltronica.com/velocimet...=es&newlang=es
Lo del fallo de logearse varias veces lo corrigieron al igual que van a evitar que se pueda acceder desde otros cpe's como lo hizo ruchito. Lo que ellos quieren evitar es que alguien pague 100kb y se conecte con la cuenta de alguien que paga 1mb.
Por otro lado, no he leído el "librito", pero les cuento que 256mb sobre wimax es imposible por varias razones.
Bueno, ya vieron que restringuen las cuentas activas y luego van a restringir el acceso desde los cpe's. La administración de las cuentas activas y del ancho de banda por cuenta es realizada desde el portal que ellos tienen evitando así que el cpe puede configurar estos parámetros de conexión.
Otras restricciones vienen dadas por la tecnología misma. Pueden encontrar información en http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX
Principalmente se puede ver que las conexiones punto a punto con LOS (línea de vista) alcanzan velocidades de 70Mb/s a frecuencias entre 10-66 GHz. 
Wimax de orbitel trabaja a 3.5 GHz y ofrece acceso sin línea de vista NLOS lo que disminuye las velocidades a casi 15Mb/s para las bs(base station) y luego distribuyen esa tasa entre los ss (suscriptor station), así que se reducen aún más el ancho de banda y ni hablar de las restricciones desde el portal.
http://www.dragonjar.org/abrir-puertos..-orbitel.xhtml

http://www.laneros.com/configuracion-de-router-wimax-gigaset-se-461-siemens

1. Cuando el CPE recien reseteado (o antes) conexion de area local (los dos pcs q titilan en la barra de tareas) 

General - Propiedades - protocolo TCP/IP ponga: usar la sigueinte direccion: (vease imagen)
DireccionIP 192.168.2.4
Mascara subred 255.255.255.0
puerta de enlace predeterminada 192.168.2.1
2. En su Browser digite 192.168.2.1, TIENE q' aparecer el gigaset, Login admin pass admin.
3. Vaya a Network Configuration - Basic, y coloquelo en modo router, no bridge como dice isabella (con todo respeto). Save Changes, aqui el CPE se puede delmorar bastante, paciencia. esperenlo a que reinicie.
4. OJO!! colocar DHCP ON, por Network Configuration > DHCP Server ON (el resto es automatico y aparecera despues) Save Changes, esperan otra vez (si les toca).
5. Ahora en Network Configuration - Remote Management - Using DHCP - Save Changes
6. Repetir Paso 1, pero esta vez colocar, Obtener una direccion ip Automaticamente, asi el cpe les asigna la ip.
PASOS EXTRAS:
6. entren al CPE Network Configuration > Router - pongan el punto en DHCP, y el DNS manual, el q a todos nos dieron 200.30.79.39 200.30.79.40 no mas y save changes.
7. Si quieren hacer port Forward, Network Configuration - NAPT Ruletable, ahh y habiliten esos servicios telnet, ftp,... y donde dice Forward to ponen 192.168.2.x ADD Rule, pero no olviden su firewall y su antivirus por que estos puertos abiertos son los duros pa que entren gusanos y troyanos.

----------------------

Reset sin desconectar en ningun momento el CPE del compu, despues escribi la dir 192.168.2.1 en el explorer y me entro al CPE de una sin configuraciones de TCP/IP ni nada.... Ya dentro del CPE todo tambien estaba ya puestecito solo le di cambiar de "bridge" a "router", en la parte de router habilite el DNS manual pero ya todito estaba ahi!! y por ultimo puse el DHCP Server en On y listo, salve cambios y todo al pelo, no tube que meter nada manualmente.
Repito todo esto lo hice sin desconectar nunca el cable ethernet del CPE al compu.... 

----------------------

http://192.168.2.1/pages/debugtrace.html
ARM946E procesador
Memory: 26804KB available (1257K code, 144K data, 84K init)
Linux version 2.6.10-uc0-skymax
gcc version 3.4.2
(ver www.dd-wrt.com, openwrt.org) 
como en la pagina de siemens esta el codigo open source
http://gigaset.siemens.com/shc/0,193...rNrNrN,00.html
http://shc-download.siemens.com/repo...MAX_SVR1.3.zip
y ya han sido "hackeados" routers Siemens como SE 505, SE 550, 550i, 515

RSSI

In telecommunications, received signal strength indicator (RSSI) is a measurement of the power present in a received radio signal.^[1]

RSSI is a generic radio receiver technology metric, which is usually invisible to the user of the device containing the receiver, but is directly known to users of wireless networking of IEEE 802.11 protocol family.

RSSI is often done in the intermediate frequency (IF) stage before the IF amplifier. In zero-IF systems, it is done in the baseband signal chain, before the baseband amplifier. RSSI output is often a DC analog level. It can also be sampled by an internal ADC and the resulting codes available directly or via peripheral or internal processor bus.

[edit]RSSI in 802.11 implementations

In an IEEE 802.11 system RSSI is the relative received signal strength in a wireless environment, in arbitrary units. RSSI is an indication of the power level being received by the antenna. Therefore, the higher the RSSI number (or less negative in some devices), the stronger the signal.

RSSI can be used internally in a wireless networking card to determine when the amount of radio energy in the channel is below a certain threshold at which point the network card is clear to send (CTS). Once the card is clear to send, a packet of information can be sent. The end-user will likely observe a RSSI value when measuring the signal strength of a wireless network through the use of a wireless network monitoring tool like Wireshark, Kismet or Inssider. As an example, Cisco Systems cards have a RSSI_Max value of 100 and will report 101 different power levels, where the RSSI value is 0 to 100. Another popular Wi-Fi chipset is made by Atheros. An Atheros based card will return an RSSI value of 0 to 127 (0x7f) with 128 (0x80) indicating an invalid value.

There is no standardized relationship of any particular physical parameter to the RSSI reading. The 802.11 standard does not define any relationship between RSSI value and power level in mW or dBm. Vendors provide their own accuracy, granularity, and range for the actual power (measured as mW or dBm) and their range of RSSI values (from 0 to RSSI_Max). One subtlety of the 802.11 RSSI metric comes from how it is sampled - RSSI is acquired during only the preamble stage of receiving an 802.11 frame, not over the full frame. A study in 2009 showed that RSSI cannot necessarily be used to reliably gauge distances in a wireless sensor network.^[2]

For the most part, 802.11 RSSI has been replaced with Received Channel Power Indicator. RCPI is an 802.11^[3] measure of the received RF power in a selected channel over the preamble and the entire received frame, and has defined absolute levels of accuracy and resolution. RCPI is exclusively associated with 802.11 and as such has some accuracy and resolution enforced on it through IEEE 802.11k-2008. Received signal power level assessment is a necessary step in establishing a link for communication between wireless nodes. However, a power level metric like RCPI generally can't comment on the quality of the link like other metrics such as travel time measurement (ToA).

Interactive voice response

Interactive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and DTMF tones input via keypad.

In telecommunications, IVR allows customers to interact with a company’s host system via a telephone keypad or by speech recognition, after which they can service their own inquiries by following the IVR dialogue. IVR systems can respond with prerecorded or dynamically generated audio to further direct users on how to proceed. IVR applications can be used to control almost any function where the interface can be broken down into a series of simple interactions. IVR systems deployed in the network are sized to handle large call volumes.

IVR technology is also being introduced into automobile systems for hands-free operation. Current deployment in automobiles revolves around satellite navigation, audio and mobile phone systems.

It's common in industries that have recently entered the telecommunications industry to refer to an automated attendant as an IVR. The terms, however, are distinct and mean different things to traditional telecommunications professionals, whereas emerging telephony and VoIP professionals often use the termIVR as a catch-all to signify any kind of telephony menu, even a basic automated attendant.^{[citation needed]} The term voice response unit (VRU), is sometimes used as well.^[1]

1 History 2 Typical uses 2.1 Voice-Activated Dialing 2.2 Entertainment and information 2.3 Anonymous access 2.4 Clinical trials 2.5 Outbound calling 2.6 Other uses 3 Technologies used 4 Outsourcing vs. Contact Center automation 5 IP 5.1 Video 5.2 Unified Communications in the SIP Contact Center 5.3 Interactive Messaging Response (IMR) 5.4 Hosted vs. on-premise IVR 5.5 Criticism 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

[edit]History

Research in speech technology predated the advent of digital computers. It began with a speech synthesis project at Bell Labs in 1936 that resulted in a device called "the Voder" which was demonstrated at the 1939 World's Fair. A link between speech and mathematics resulted in a breakthrough in the early 1970s. Leonard E. Baum, and Lloyd R. Welch, invented an approach to recognition based on a statistical concept called the Hidden Markov Model. In 1961,Bell System developed a new tone dialing methodology. Bell unveiled the first telephone that could dial area codes using DTMF technology at the Seattle World Fair in 1962. DTMF telephones enabled the use of in-band signaling, i.e., they transmit audible tones in the same 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz range occupied by the human voice. The blueprint for IVR was born.

Despite the increase in deployment of IVR technology in the 1970s to automate tasks in call centers, the technology was still complex and expensive. Early voice response systems were DSP technology based, and were limited to small vocabularies. However, in the early 1980s a first mainstream market competitor emerged when Leon Ferber (Perception Technology) realized that hard drive technology (read/write random-access to digitized voice data) had finally reached a cost effective price point.^{[citation needed]} A system could store digitized speech on disk, play the appropriate spoken message, and process the human's DTMF response. The mature technology allowed clusters of 96 channels of high-density digital phone interface gear (terminating four T1 lines of twenty four channels each) to each be controlled by one application processor, running individual applications, one per channel, accepting DTMF touch tone inputs, accessing a large stored vocabulary for output, recording and playing back user speech when necessary.

As call centers began to migrate to multimedia in the late 1990s, companies started to invest in Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) with IVR systems. IVR became vital for call centers deploying universal queuing and routing solutions and acted as an agent which collected customer data to enable intelligent routing decisions.

With improvements in technology, systems could use speaker-independent voice recognition of a limited vocabulary instead of requiring the person to use DTMF signaling.

In the subsequent decade, voice response started to become more common and cheaper to deploy. This was due to increased CPU power and the migration of speech applications from proprietary code to the VXML standard.

[edit]Typical uses

IVR systems are typically used to service high call volumes, reduce cost and improve the customer experience. Examples of typical IVR applications aretelephone banking, televoting, and credit card services. Companies also use IVR services to extend their business hours to 24/7 operation. The use of IVR and voice automation allows callers' queries to be resolved without the need for queueing and incurring the cost of a live agent. If callers do not find the information they need or require further assistance, their calls are often transferred to an agent. This makes for a more efficient system in which agents have more time to deal with complex interactions. The agents do not deal with basic inquiries that require yes/no responses or obtaining customer details.

Call centers use IVR systems to identify and segment callers. The ability to identify customers allows services to be tailored according to the customer profile. The caller can be given the option to wait in the queue, choose an automated service, or request a callback. The system may obtain caller line identification (CLI) data from the network to help identify or authenticate the caller. Additional caller authentication data could include account number, personal information, password and biometrics (such as voice print).

When an IVR system answers multiple phone numbers the use of DNIS ensures that the correct application and language is executed. A single large IVR system can handle calls for thousands of applications, each with its own phone numbers and script.

IVR also enables customer prioritization. In a system wherein individual customers may have a different status the service will automatically prioritize the individual's call and move customers to the front of a specific queue. Prioritization could also be based on the DNIS and call reason.

Smaller companies and start-ups can also use an IVR system to make their business appear larger than it is. For example, a caller never needs to know that their Sales and Support calls are routed to the same person.

In addition to interacting with customer information systems and databases, IVRs will also log call detail information into its own database for auditing, performance report, and future IVR system enhancements.

CTI allows a contact center or organization to gather information about the caller as a means of directing the inquiry to the appropriate agent. CTI can transfer relevant information about the individual customer and the IVR dialog from the IVR to the agent desktop using a screen-pop, making for a more effective and efficient service.

IVR may be used by survey organizations for asking more sensitive questions where the investigators are concerned that a respondent might feel less comfortable providing these answers to a human interlocutor (such as questions about drug use or sexual behavior). In some cases an IVR system can be used in the same survey in conjunction with a human interviewer. For example, during the survey the interviewer might inform the respondent that for the next series of questions they will be sent to an IVR system to continue or complete the interview.

VPN connections

http://www.dotcomunderground.com/blogs/2010/06/04/free-vpn-access-unblock-bypass-facebook-bangladesh/

VPN provider USA IP which allows free trial/demo VPN accounts.

The demo access is unlimited in time but you are required to reconnect after every 7 minutes. But that should work fine to have “emergency” access on facebook till the block gets removed.

To access the VPN service please follow these instructions:

1. Download USAIP.pbk from here and save the file to your desktop.

2. Double click on the USAIP.pbk file on your desktop.
An application will start as shown below:

3. Select one of the USAIP PPTP connections from the dropdown and click on Connect . (L2TP is also available on Windows7 and VISTA computers, but on XP and 2000 you may need to follow the additional steps at the red hand icon below, in the errors section to the right)

A new window will appear. Enter your username and password as:
username: demo
password: demo

4. Click on Connect, and your computer will now connect to the USAIP VPN network.