Nanotechnología en núcleos "Preshot"

El Pentium 4 es un microprocesador de séptima generación basado en la arquitectura x86 y fabricado por Intel. Es el primer microprocesador con un diseño completamente nuevo desde el Pentium Pro de 1995. El Pentium 4 original, denominado Willamette, trabajaba a 1,4 y 1,5 GHz; y fue lanzado el 20 de noviembre de 2000.¹ El 8 de agosto de 2008 se realiza el último envío de Pentium 4,² siendo sustituido por los Intel Core Duo
Para la sorpresa de la industria informática, la nueva microarquitectura NetBurst del Pentium 4 no mejoró el viejo diseño de la microarquitectura Intel P6 según las dos tradicionales formas para medir el rendimiento:

• velocidad en el proceso de enteros u
• operaciones de coma flotante.

La estrategia de Intel fue sacrificar el rendimiento de cada ciclo para obtener a cambio mayor cantidad de ciclos por segundo y una mejora en las instrucciones SSE. En 2004, se agregó el conjunto de instrucciones x86-64 de 64 bits al tradicional set x86 de 32 bits. Al igual que los Pentium II y Pentium III, el Pentium 4 se comercializa en una versión para equipos de bajo presupuesto (Celeron), y una orientada a servidores de gama alta (Xeon).
Las nombres en código, a partir de la evolución de las distintas versiones, son: Willamette (180 nanómetros), Northwood (130 nm), Gallatin (Extreme Edition, también 130 nm), Prescott (90 nm) y Cedar Mill (65 nm).

• 1 Las distintas versiones
  • 1.1 Willamette
  • 1.2 Northwood
  • 1.3 Gallatin (Extreme Edition)
  • 1.4 Prescott
  • 1.5 Cedar Mill

Prescott A principios de febrero de 2004, Intel introdujo una nueva versión de Pentium 4 denominada 'Prescott'. Primero se utilizó en su manufactura un proceso de fabricación de 90 nm y luego se cambió a 65nm; además se hicieron significativos cambios en la microarquitectura del microprocesador, por lo cual muchos pensaron que Intel lo promocionaría como Pentium 5. A pesar de que un Prescott funcionando a la misma velocidad que un Northwood rinde menos, la renovada arquitectura del Prescott permite alcanzar mayores velocidades y el overclock es más viable. El modelo de 3,8 GHz (Solo para LGA775) es el más veloz de los que hasta ahora han entrado en el mercado. Su diferencia con los anteriores es que éstos poseen 1 MiB o 2 MiB de caché L2 y 16 KiB de caché L1 (el doble que los Northwood), Prevención de Ejecución, SpeedStep, C1E State, un HyperThreading mejorado, instrucciones SSE3, manejo de 64 bits, también recibió unas mejoras en el sistema de predicción de datos, y tiene un pipeline de 31 etapas, que por cierto, fue unos de los mayores errores de dicho núcleo. Además, los primeros Prescott producían un 60% más de calor que un Northwood a la misma velocidad, y por ese motivo muchos lo criticaron con dureza y también fue apodado PresHot. Se experimentó con un cambio en el tipo de zócalo (de Socket 478 a LGA 775) lo cual incrementó en un 10% el consumo de energía del microprocesador, pero al ser más efectivo el sistema de refrigeración de este zócalo, la temperatura final bajó algunos grados. En posteriores revisiones del procesador los ingenieros de Intel esperaban reducir las temperaturas, pero esto nunca ocurrió fuera salvo a bajas velocidades. El procesador genera unos 130 W de calor, o TDP.
Finalmente, los problemas térmicos fueron tan severos, que Intel decidió abandonar la arquitectura Prescott por completo, y los intentos de hacer correr por encima de los 4 GHz fueron abandonados, como un gasto inútil de recursos internos. También lo concerniente a las críticas mostradas en casos extremos de llevar al procesador Prescott a los 5,2 GHz para emparejarlo al Athlon FX-55 que funcionaba a 2,6GHz.⁴ Considerando una fanfarronada de Intel el lanzamiento de la arquitectura Pentium 4 diseñada para operar a 10 GHz, esto puede ser visto como uno de los más significativos, ciertamente el más público, déficit de ingeniería en la historia de Intel.
Los Prescott con Socket LGA775 usan el nuevo sistema de puntaje, y están clasificados en la serie 5XX. El más rápido es el 570J, lanzado a comienzos de 2005 y que funciona a 3,8 GHz. Los planes para microprocesadores de 4 o más GHz fueron cancelados y se les dio prioridad a los proyectos para fabricar procesadores dobles; en gran medida debido a los problemas de consumo energía y producción de calor de los modelos Prescott. El procesador 570J también fue el primero en introducir la tecnología EDB, la cual es idéntica a la más temprana NX de AMD. El objetivo es prevenir la ejecución de algunos tipos de código maligno.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Pentium_4
Microarchitecture In benchmark evaluations, the advantages of the NetBurst microarchitecture were not clear. With carefully optimized application code, the first Pentium 4s did outperform Intel's fastest Pentium III (clocked at 1.13 GHz at the time), as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or x87 floating-point instructions, the Pentium 4 would merely match or even fall behind its predecessor. Its main handicap was a shared unidirectional bus. Furthermore, the NetBurst microarchitecture consumed more power and emitted more heat than any previous Intel or AMD microarchitectures. As a result, the Pentium 4's introduction was met with mixed reviews: Developers disliked the Pentium 4, as it posed a new set of code optimization rules. For example, in mathematical applications AMD's lower-clocked Athlon (the fastest-clocked model was clocked at 1.2 GHz at the time) easily outperformed the Pentium 4, which would only catch up if software were re-compiled with SSE2 support. Tom Yager of Infoworld magazine called it "the fastest CPU - for programs that fit entirely in cache". Computer-savvy buyers avoided Pentium 4 PCs due to their price-premium and questionable benefit. In terms of product marketing, the Pentium 4's singular emphasis on clock frequency (above all else) made it a marketer's dream. The result of this was that the NetBurst microarchitecture was often referred to as a marchitecture by various computing websites and publications during the life of the Pentium 4.
The two classical metrics of CPU performance are IPC (instructions per cycle) and clock speed. While IPC is difficult to quantify (due to dependence on the benchmark application's instruction mix), clock speed is a simple measurement yielding a single absolute number. Unsophisticated buyers would simply consider the processor with the highest clock speed to be the best product, and the Pentium 4 was the undisputed megahertz champion.
As AMD was unable to compete by these rules, it countered Intel's marketing advantage with the "megahertz myth" campaign. AMD product marketing used a "PR-rating" system, which assigned a merit value based on relative performance to a baseline machine.
At the launch of the Pentium 4, Intel stated NetBurst-based processors were expected to scale to 10 GHz (which should be achieved over several fabrication process generations). However, the NetBurst microarchitecture ultimately hit a frequency ceiling far below that expectation – the fastest clocked NetBurst-based models reached a peak clock speed of 3.8 GHz. Intel had not anticipated a rapid upward scaling of transistor power leakage that began to occur as the die reached the 90 nm lithography and smaller. This new power leakage phenomenon, along with the standard thermal output, created cooling and clock scaling problems as clock speeds increased. Reacting to these unexpected obstacles, Intel attempted several core redesigns ("Prescott" most notably) and explored new manufacturing technologies, such as using multiple cores, increasing FSB speeds, increasing the cache size, and using a longer instruction pipeline along with higher clock speeds. Nothing solved their problems though and in 2003–05 Intel shifted development away from NetBurst to focus on the cooler-running Pentium M microarchitecture. On January 5, 2006, Intel launched the Core processors, which put greater emphasis on energy efficiency and performance per clock. The final NetBurst-derived products were released in 2007, with all subsequent product families switching exclusively to the Core microarchitecture.
Processor cores
The Pentium 4 has an integrated heat spreader (IHS) that prevents the die from accidentally getting damaged when mounting and unmounting cooling solutions. Prior to the IHS, a CPU shim was sometimes used by people worried about damaging the core. Overclockers sometimes removed the IHS on Socket 423 and Socket 478 chips to allow for more direct heat transfer. However, on processors using the Socket LGA 775 (Socket T) interface, the IHS is directly soldered to the die(s), meaning that the IHS cannot be easily removed.

Intel Pentium 4 processor family
Desktop			Laptop
Code-named	Core	Date released	Code-named	Core	Date released
Willamette Northwood Prescott	180 nm 130 nm 90 nm	Nov 2000 Jan 2002 Mar 2004	Northwood	130 nm	Jun 2003
			Northwood Pentium 4-M	130 nm	Apr 2002
Hyper-threading (HT)
Northwood Prescott Prescott 2M Cedar Mill	130 nm 90 nm 90 nm 65 nm	May 2003 Feb 2004 Feb 2005 Jan 2006	Northwood Prescott	130 nm 90 nm	Sep 2003 Jun 2004
Gallatin XE Prescott 2M XE	130 nm 90 nm	Sep 2003 Feb 2005
List of Intel Pentium 4 microprocessors

Prescott

Top view of a Pentium 4 Prescott 640, 3.2 GHz

Bottom view of a Pentium 4 Prescott 640

On February 1, 2004, Intel introduced a new core codenamed "Prescott". The core used the 90 nm process for the first time, which one analyst described as "a major reworking of the Pentium 4's microarchitecture—major enough that I am surprised Intel did not opt to call this processor the Pentium 5."^[16] Despite this overhaul, the performance gains were inconsistent. Some programs benefited from Prescott's doubled cache and SSE3 instructions, whereas others were harmed by its longer pipeline. The Prescott's microarchitecture allowed slightly higher clock speeds, but not nearly as high as Intel had anticipated. The fastest mass-produced Prescott-based Pentium 4s were clocked at 3.8 GHz. While Northwood ultimately achieved clock speeds 70% higher than Willamette, Prescott ultimately scaled just 12% beyond Northwood, which was attributed to the high power consumption and heat output of the processor. In actual fact Prescott's power and heat characteristics were only slightly higher than those of Northwood of the same speed and nearly-equal to the Gallatin-based Extreme Editions, but since those processors had already been operating near the limits of what was considered thermally acceptable, this still posed a major issue.^[17]
The "Prescott" Pentium 4 contains 125 million transistors and has a die area of 122 mm².^[18][19]
It was fabricated in a 90 nm process with seven levels of copper interconnect.^[19] The process has features such as strained silicon transistors and Low-K carbon-doped silicon oxide (CDO) dielectric, which is also known as organosilicate glass (OSG).^[19] The Prescott was first fabricated at the D1C development fab and was later moved to F11X production fab.^[19]
Originally, Intel released two Prescott lines: the E-series, with an 800 MT/s FSB and Hyper-Threading support, and the low-end A-series, with a 533 MT/s FSB and Hyper-Threading disabled. Intel eventually added XD Bit (eXecute Disable) and Intel 64 functionality to Prescott.
LGA 775 Prescott uses a rating system, labeling them as the 5xx series (Celeron Ds are the 3xx series, while Pentium Ms are the 7xx series). The LGA 775 version of the E-series uses model numbers 5x0 (520-560), and the LGA 775 version of the A-series uses model numbers 5x5 and 5x9 (505-519). The fastest, the 570J and 571, is clocked at 3.8 GHz. Plans to mass-produce a 4 GHz Pentium 4 were cancelled by Intel in favor of dual core processors, although some European retailers claimed to be selling a Pentium 4 580, clocked at 4 GHz.
The 5x0J series (and its low-end equivalent, the 5x5J and 5x9J series) introduced the XD Bit (eXecute Disable) or Execute Disabled Bit [1] to Intel's line of processors. This technology, introduced to the x86 line by AMD and called NX (No eXecute), can help prevent certain types of malicious code from exploiting a buffer overflow to get executed.
 Intel also released a series of Prescott supporting Intel 64, Intel's implementation of the AMD-developed x86-64 64-bit extensions to the x86 architecture. These were originally released as the F-series, and only sold to OEMs, but they were later renamed to the 5x1 series and sold to the general public. Two low-end Intel64-enabled Prescotts, based on the 5x5/5x9 series, were also released with model numbers 506 and 516. 5x0, 5x0J, and 5x1 series Prescott incorporates Hyper-Threading in order to speed up some processes that use multithreaded software, such as video editing. The 5x1 series also supports 64 bit computing.
Prescott 2M (Extreme Edition)
-----------------------------------------------
The original successor to the Pentium 4 was (codenamed) Tejas, which was scheduled for an early-mid-2005 release. However, it was cancelled a few months after the release of Prescott due to extremely high TDP [Thermal Dissipation Power] (a 2.8 GHz Tejas emitted 150 W of heat, compared to around 80 W for a Northwood of the same speed, and 100 W for a comparably clocked Prescott) and development on the NetBurst microarchitecture as a whole ceased, with the exception of the dual-core Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition and the Cedar Mill-based Pentium 4 HT.
Since May 2005, Intel has released dual-core processors based on the Pentium 4 under the names Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition. They represent Intel's shift towards parallelism and their intent was to eventually make the bulk of their main processor line multiple-core. These came under the code names Smithfield and Presler for the 90 nm and 65 nm parts respectively.
The ultimate successors to Pentium 4 are the Intel Core 2 processors using the "Conroe" core based upon the Core microarchitecture, released on July 27, 2006. 
Intel Core 2 processors have been released as single, dual and quad core processors. Single core counterparts are present in the Intel Core 2 line, primarily for the OEM market, while dual and quad core processors can be sold to retail and OEM.

• Intel Core 2